Altered glyoxylate shunt for improved production of aspartate-derived amino acids and chemicals

ABSTRACT

The invention provides microbial strains possessing improved properties for production of aspartate-derived amino acids and chemicals. Methods of making such strains are provided. These methods include altering expression of the aceBAK operon, the glcB gene, or both. Alteration of expression may be accomplished through increased transcription, relief from native transcriptional control, and/or other means. Replacement of native promoters for these genes is also contemplated; for instance, their native promoters may be replaced by the tac promoter (Ptac).

CLAIM TO PRIORITY

This application claims priority to pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/692,341, having a filing date of Jun. 20, 2005. That application is incorporated by reference as if fully rewritten herein.

BACKGROUND

The following includes information that may be useful in understanding the present inventions. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art, or material, to the presently described or claimed inventions, or that any publication or document that is specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.

The present invention relates to, but is not limited to, the fields of microbiology and microbial genetics. The invention relates, for example, to novel bacterial strains, novel nucleotide sequences, novel amino acid sequences, and processes for employing these bacterial strains, novel nucleotide sequences, and/or novel amino acid sequences for fermentative production of amino acids including, but not limited to, L-threonine, L-lysine, L-homoserine, and L-isoleucine. Preferably, L-threonine is produced. The invention also relates to the production of animal feed additives. The invention also relates to fermentation and synthesis of fine chemicals including but not limited to those amino acids listed above.

In Escherichia coli, the amino acids L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-homoserine, L-lysine and L-methionine derive all or part of their carbon atoms from aspartate (aspartic acid) via a common biosynthetic pathway (G. N. Cohen, “The Common Pathway to Lysine, Methionine and Threonine,” pp. 147-171 in Amino Acids: Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation, K. M. Herrmann and R. L. Somerville, eds., Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Mass. (1983)):

Aspartate is, in turn, derived from oxaloacetate (OAA). As reported in U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,284, to Gokarn, et al., aerobic fermentation can be used to produce oxaloacetate-derived amino acids. Unfortunately, process yields may be limited by stringent metabolic regulation of carbon flow. In general, carbon flux toward OAA is said to remain constant regardless of perturbations to the metabolic system. J. Vallino, et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 41: 633, 646 (1993). Overcoming this metabolic regulation would be advantageous in increasing production of OAA-derived amino acids and other products.

In aerobic bacterial metabolism, carbon atoms of glucose may be fully oxidized to carbon dioxide in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), also known as the citric acid or Krebs cycle. The TCA cycle begins when OAA combines with acetyl-CoA to form citrate. An example of the aerobic metabolism pathway in the bacterium Escherichia coli is shown in FIG. 1. In addition to its role as a primary molecule in the TCA cycle, OAA may be used as a precursor for synthesis of amino acids, including L-asparagine, L-aspartate, L-methionine, L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-homoserine, and L-lysine.

Given the importance of OAA to the TCA cycle, OAA that is used for biosynthesis of amino acids should be replaced to allow further progress of the TCA cycle. Many organisms have therefore developed “anaplerotic pathways” that regenerate intermediates for use in the TCA cycle. In some organisms, for instance in some plants and microorganisms, TCA cycle intermediates may be formed from acetyl-CoA via an anaplerotic pathway known as the “glyoxylate shunt,” also known as the “glyoxylate bypass” or “glyoxylate cycle.” The glyoxylate shunt in E. coli is shown in FIG. 2.

The glyoxylate shunt allows organisms growing on certain substrates (for instance, acetate, fatty acids, or some long-chain alkanes) to replenish their OAA. Such a mechanism is useful because such substrates do not provide 3-carbon intermediates that can be carboxylated to form OAA needed in the TCA cycle. The branch point of carbon flux between the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate shunt is said to be isocitrate (K. Walsh et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259:15, 9646-9654 (1984)).

In the glyoxylate shunt, isocitrate from the TCA cycle is cleaved into glyoxylate and succinate by the enzyme isocitrate lyase. The enzyme malate synthase is then used to combine glyoxylate with acetyl-CoA to form malate. Both succinate and malate may be used to generate OAA through the TCA cycle. In general, expression of genes encoding the glyoxylate bypass enzymes is said to be rigidly controlled, such that these genes may be repressed when certain 3-carbon compounds are available for use in the TCA cycle.

The following reactions may be observed:

aceA, isocitrate lyase: isocitrate <--> glyoxylate+succinate

aceB, malate synthase A: acetyl-CoA+H2O+glycoxylate <--> malate+CoA

glcB, malate synthase G: acetyl-CoA+H2O+glycoxylate <--> malate+CoA

In E. coli, genes encoding glyoxylate shunt enzymes are located in the aceBAK operon. They are said to be controlled by a number of transcriptional regulators including, for instance, IclR (A. Sunnarborg et al., J. Bact., 172: 2642-2649 (1990)), FadR (S. Maloy et al., J. Bact. 148: 83-90 (1981)), FruR (A. Chia et al., J. Bact., 171: 2424-2434 (1989)), and ArcAB (S. Iuchi et al., J. Bact., 171: 868-873 (1989)).

The aceBAK operon has been reported to be expressed from a σ⁷⁰-type promoter that is upstream of aceB (E. Resnik et al., J. Bact. 178:9, 2715-2717 (1996)). A nucleotide sequence for the aceBAK operon of the E. coli strain K-12 is set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Keseler, I. M., et al., Nuc. Acids Res., 33: D334-357 (2005). The operon is said to be regulated by a repressor protein expressed from iclR and activated by growth on acetate or fatty acids (E. Resnik et al., supra.). The aceA gene (SEQ ID NO:2) (Keseler, I. M., et al., supra) is reported to encode isocitrate lyase (SEQ ID NO:3) (Keseler, I. M., et al., supra), and the aceB gene (SEQ ID NO:4) (Keseler, I. M., et al., supra) is reported to produce malate synthase A (SEQ ID NO:5) (Keseler, I. M., et al., supra). The final gene in the glcDFGB operon (SEQ ID NO:6) (Keseler, I. M., et al., supra), glcB (SEQ ID NO:7) (Keseler, I. M., et al., supra), is reported to encode malate synthase G (SEQ ID NO:8) (Keseler, I. M., et al., supra), which may replace malate synthase A in the glyoxylate shunt when malate synthase A is absent. (L. N. Omston, et al., J. Bact., 98:2, 1098-1108 (1969); W. Farmer, et al., App. & Env. Microbiol., 63:8, 3205-3210 (1997); M. Oh, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 277:15, 13175-13183 (2002).)

Many features of wild-type strains of E. coli have been reported. For instance, the genome of E. coli strain K-12 is reported in F. R. Blattner, et al., Science, 1997 Sep. 5; 277(5331): 1453-74. Some authors have reported attempts to divert carbon flow toward OAA, since it was postulated that increasing flow of carbon toward OAA would increase production of biochemicals that may be synthesized with OAA as a precursor. Efforts have included either knockout of genes that act as aceBAK repressors or enhancement of genes that inhibit aceBAK (to avoid carbon flow into the glyoxylate shunt). For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,332, to Rieping et al., reports increased threonine production in Enterobacteriaceae through over-expression of the mqo gene, which produces the enzyme malate:quinone oxidoreductase.

European Patent Application No. EP 1 408 123 A1, to Park, et al., reports production of L-threonine using a microorganism in which the fadR gene has been knocked-out. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0059903A1, to Rieping, et al., and International Publication WO 02/081722, to Rieping, et al., report a process for the production of L-threonine including fermentation of Enterobacteriaceae in which the aceA gene or nucleotide sequences encoding for the aceA gene are attenuated or switched off.

International Patent Publication No. WO 03/038106A2, to Rieping, et al., reports a process for production of L-threonine using bacteria modified to enhance activity levels of the fadR gene product and/or the iclR gene product, both of which are transcriptional repressors of the aceBAK operon. International Patent Publication No. WO 03/008616, to Hermann, reports a process for the preparation of L-threonine including fermentation of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family that have been modified so that the expression of the aceK gene product is attenuated.

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S., et al., Analysis of the sequence gene products of the transfer region of the F sex factor, Microbiol. Rev. 58:162-210 (1994); Drury, L., Transformation of bacteria by electroporation, Methods Mol. Biol. 58:249-256 (1996); Dower, W. J., Electroporation of bacteria: a general approach to genetic transformation, Genet. Eng. 12:275-295 (1990); Na, S., et al., The factors affecting transformation efficiency of coryneform bacteria by electroporation, Chin. J. Biotechnol. 11:193-198 (1995); Pansegrau, W., Covalent association of the traI gene product of plasmid RP4 with the 5′-terminal nucleotide at the relaxation nick site, J. Biol. Chem. 265:10637-10644 (1990); Bailey, J. E., Host-vector interactions in Escherichia coli, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 48:29-52 (1993); Funkhouser, J. D. and Smith, W. D., Monovalent Cation Effects on Lysine-sensitive Aspartokinase Catalytic Activity and Allosteric Regulation. J. Biol. 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E., et al., Characterization in vitro of the effect of spacer length on the activity of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase at the tac promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 260:3529-3538 (1985); Chung, T., et al., Glyoxylate Bypass Operon of Escherichia coli Cloning and Determination of the Functional Map. J. Bact. 170:386-392 (1987); Jurgen Brosius, et al., Spacing of the −10 and −35 regions in the tac promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 260:3539-3541 (1985); Jensen, P. R., and Hammer, K., Artificial promoter for metabolic optimization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 58:191-195 (1998); Patek, M. et al., Promoter from Corynebacterium glutamicium: cloning, molecular analysis and search for a consensus motif. Microbiol. 142:1297-1309 (1996); Shine, J. and Dalgarno, L., Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosome. Science 254:34-38 (1975); Shine J., and Dalgarno, L., Terminal-sequence analysis of bacterial ribosomal RNA. 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Genome Res. 13:2665-2673 (2003); Maloy, S. R., et al., Elevated levels of glyoxylate shunt enzymes in Escherichia coli strains constitutive for fatty acid degradation. J. Bact. 143:720-725 (1980); Ma, J. et al., Correlation between Shine-Dalgarno sequence and gene features such as predicted expression levels and operon structures. J. Bact. 184:5733-5745 (2002); Datsenko, K. A. and B. L. Wanner, One step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products. PNAS 97:6640-6645 (2000); Ornston, L. N. and M. K. Omston, Regulation of glyoxylate metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bact. 98:1098-1108 (1969); Alexeyev, M. F., et al. Improved antibiotic-resistance gene cassettes and omega elements for Escherichia coli vector construction and in vitro deletion/insertion mutagenesis. Gene 160:63-67 (1995); Cremer, J., et al., Regulation of enzymes of lysine Biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Gen. Micro 134:3221-3229 (1988); Blattner, et al., The Complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science 277:1453-1474 (1997).

Each of the foregoing references, and those in the description that follows, are incorporated herein by reference to the extent necessary to aid one of ordinary skill in the art to understand or practice the further teachings provided by the present disclosure.

There remains a need in the art for microorganism strains that are culturable and produce increased amounts of amino acids such as L-threonine, L-methionine, L-lysine, L-homoserine, and L-isoleucine.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The inventions described and claimed herein have many attributes and encompass many embodiments including, but not limited to, those set forth in this Summary. The inventions described and claimed herein are not limited to or by the features or embodiments identified in this Summary, which is included for purposes of illustration only and not restriction.

One aspect of the invention is to provide bacteria that efficiently produce an amino acid or amino acids (e.g. L-threonine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-homoserine, and/or L-isoleucine) in large amounts and/or high yields. In general, bacteria of the invention do not have any unusual amino acid nutritional requirements, though one could of course design the bacteria such that unusual nutritional requirements (including, for example, the requirement that an amino acid or amino acids be supplied, or the requirement that the bacteria be grown on a particular medium) could exist. Bacteria of the invention may be from the family Enterobacteriaceae, including bacteria of the genus Escherichia, including strains of Escherichia coli. Bacteria of the invention may also be from the family Corynebacteriaceae, including bacteria of the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium, including strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium flavum, and Brevibacterium lactofermentum. The distinction between Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium is slight, and some investigators assert that these bacteria are actually of the same genus. The accuracy of that distinction is not determinative of any aspect of the present invention, which may be practiced with any strain of bacterium that can be cultured to produce amino acids.

In one aspect the invention includes a strain of bacteria, wherein at least one chromosome of the strain contains at least one glcB gene, and/or aceA gene, and/or aceB gene operably associated with at least one non-native promoter, and wherein the strain over-produces L-threonine, L-methionine, L-homoserine, L-isoleucine and/or L-lysine. The strain may over-produce L-threonine when compared to L-threonine production by a wild-type strain of E. coli, for example the E. coli strain K-12, and/or when compared to a parent strain.

In a further aspect of the invention, a strain of E. coli further comprises a non-native ribosome binding site operably associated with said aceB, aceA and/or glcB gene(s) and said non-native promoter. A non-native ribosome binding site may be selected from, for example, but is not limited to, a lac ribosome binding site, a thrA ribosome binding site, a folA ribosome binding site, an araC ribosome binding site, an araB ribosome binding site, a galE ribosome binding site, an ompA ribosome binding site, a trpE ribosome binding site, a lamB ribosome binding site, an MS2 coat ribosome binding site, and a Qβ coat ribosome binding site.

In one aspect of the invention, the non-native ribosome binding site used in the invention is selected from a strain of E. coli. For instance, the non-native ribosome binding site may be selected from E. coli strain s4370-69-2. References to ribosome binding sites may include but not be limited to consensus sequences, sequences found in nature, and mutated sequences.

A non-native promoter and/or a non-native ribosome binding site may be introduced, for example, by recombination or by mutagenesis of a native aceBAK or glcB promoter or binding site.

In a yet further aspect of the invention, the previously discussed non-native promoter may be selected from at least one of the group consisting of, for example, a tac promoter, a trc promoter, a lac promoter, a lpp promoter, a trp promoter, a lambda-P_(L) promoter, a lambda-P_(R) promoter, a lacUV5 promoter, an araBAD promoter, and a lpp-lac promoter. References to promoters may include but not be limited to consensus sequences and mutated sequences. Those skilled in the art may recognize, with the benefit of this disclosure and with the benefit of Brosius, et al., supra., and Mulligan, et al., supra, that similar results may be obtained using the trc promoter in examples that teach use of the tac promoter.

In one aspect, the invention includes a process for production of an L-amino acid product by fermentation comprising growing in a fermentation medium a bacterium that produces the L-amino acid and that contains a recombinant nucleic acid construct operably configured to overexpress at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a gene in an aceBAK operon and a glcB gene in the bacterium; enriching the L-amino acid in at least one of the fermentation medium and in the bacterium; and isolating the L-amino acid from at least one of the fermentation medium and the bacterium to produce an L-amino acid product. In a further aspect of the invention, the genus of the aforementioned bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Escherichia, Corynebacterium, and Brevibacterium. The bacterium may be, for example, E coli.

In a yet still further aspect of the invention, the recombinant nucleic acid comprises a non-native promoter sequence upstream of at least one gene in the aceBAK operon and/or the glcB gene, wherein the non-native promoter is operably associated with the at least one gene in the aceBAK operon and/or the glcB gene. The promoter may be selected from a tac promoter, a trc promoter, a lac promoter, a lpp promoter, a trp promoter, a lambda P_(L) promoter and a lambda P_(R) promoter, or other promoters that will be recognized by those skilled in the art with the benefit of this disclosure.

The over-expressed gene may be selected from aceB, aceA, and glcB. The non-native promoter may replace a native promoter in the operon, wherein the native promoter is deleted, interrupted, or partially deleted and partially interrupted. The non-native promoter may be inserted in addition to a native promoter in the operon.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a process for production of an L-amino acid product is provided as above, wherein at least one of the aceBAK gene product and glcB gene product are the only gene product(s) over-expressed in the microorganism.

In another aspect of the invention, the L-amino acid is selected from the group consisting of L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-homoserine, L-lysine and L-methionine. In a further aspect, the L-amino acid is L-threonine.

In a further aspect, the invention includes a bacterium in which at least one of the genes in the aceBAK operon and the glcB gene is over-expressed. The genus of the microorganism may be selected from the group consisting of Escherichia, Corynebacterium, and Brevibacterium. The bacterium may be a strain of E. coli. Those skilled in the art will, with the benefit of this disclosure, recognize that teachings herein applicable to isocitrate lyase and malate synthase G and the genes encoding them in E. coli may be applied to isocitrate lyase and malate synthase G in Corynebacterium. The gene encoding malate synthase G in Corynebacterium glutamicum strain ATTC 13032 (glcB) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 26. The gene encoding isocitrate lyase in Corynebacterium glutamicum strain ATTC 13032 (aceA) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 27.

In a further aspect of the invention, the bacterium is a strain of Escherichia coli, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, Brevibacterium flavum, or Corynebacterium glutamicum.

In another aspect of the invention, the bacterium includes at least one gene in the aceBAK operon and/or a glcB gene that is regulated by a non-native promoter. In another aspect, a non-native promoter in a bacterium of the invention is selected from a tac promoter, a trc promoter, a lac promoter, a lpp promoter, a trp promoter, a lambda P_(L) promoter and a lambda P_(R) promoter. In a yet still further aspect of the invention, the non-native promoter is a tac promoter (Ptac).

A further aspect of the invention includes a bacterium in which a native promoter in an aceBAK operon is replaced, interrupted, or partially replaced and partially interrupted by a non-native promoter. In another aspect of the invention, a bacterium of the invention includes a non-native promoter inserted in an aceBAK operon without replacing or interrupting a native promoter in an aceBAK operon. In a further aspect of the invention, in a bacterium of the invention a native promoter in the glcDFGB operon has been replaced or interrupted by a non-native promoter in operable association with the glcB gene. In a further aspect of the invention, a bacterium of the invention is provided wherein a non-native promoter is inserted in a glcDFGB operon in operable association with the glcB gene without replacing or interrupting a native promoter in that glcDFGB operon.

A further aspect of the invention provides the bacterial strains deposited on May 11, 2005, and given the deposit numbers NRRLB-30844, NRRLB-30845, NRRLB-30846, NRRLB-30847, NRRLB-30848, NRRLB-30849, NRRLB-30850, and NRRLB-30851. Embodiments also provide bacterial strains that are derivatives of those deposited microorganisms. For example, those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications may be performed on the deposited strains, including further modification of the metabolic flux, as well as alterations to the nutritional requirements, without diminishing the overexpression of the aceBAK operon or glcB gene.

In a still further aspect, the invention includes a recombinant nucleic acid that comprises a non-native promoter operably configured to overexpress a gene that encodes at least one of an E. coli aceA protein, aceB protein, and glcB protein in a bacterium, and wherein said gene includes at least one of:

a) DNA that encodes a protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS.: 3, 5, 8

b) a nucleic acid according to at least one of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, and SEQ ID NO: 25,

c) a nucleic acid that is degenerate only with respect to the genetic code to the nucleic acid according to b),

d) a nucleic acid that contains a silent mutation of the nucleic acid according to a) or b),

e) a nucleic acid that is at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid of b),

f) a nucleic acid that hybridizes, under stringent conditions, with the DNA according to b).

In a further aspect, the invention provides a vector containing at least one polynucleotide as described in a), b), c), d), or e) of the preceding paragraph.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts the tricarboxylic acid cycle of E. coli. Figure from L. N. Omston, et al., J. Bact., 98:2, 1098-1108 (1969).

FIG. 2 depicts the glyoxylate shunt in E. coli. Figure modified from K. Walsh et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259:15, 9646-9654 (1984).

FIG. 3 depicts the integration of PCR products bearing antibiotic markers and tac promoters into the chromosome. Homologous recombination is used to exchange promoters used to express the aceBAK and glcB genes. spcR=spectinomycin resistance cartridge, kanR=kanamycin resistance cartridge. Rightward facing arrows show approximate position of heterologous promoter (Ptac). A linear PCR product (top line) containing spcR or kanR and a tac promoter are crossed into the chromosome (middle line) to yield a strain with a heterologous promoter driving aceBAK or glcB expression with an antibiotic resistance gene immediately upstream of the heterologous promoter (bottom line).

FIG. 4 shows the 5′-3′ sequence of primers used in the construction of strains listed in this document. Underlined residues provide sequence homology to either the aceB allele or to the glcB allele and allow insertion into the chromosome via homologous recombination. Bold residues encode the tac promoter.

FIG. 5 shows the tac promoter and seven different Ptac-gene fusions, including a sequence of the tac promoter (Ptac) (SEQ ID NO: 9) and the sequences of promoter regions of seven different Ptac insertion constructs with the start codon (ATG) boxed. Ptac-aceBAK (SEQ ID NO: 19) is shown as found in strain s4397-184-1 and strain s4538-006-1. Ptac(2)-aceB (SEQ ID NO: 20) is shown as found in strain s4480-140-5. Ptac(3)-aceBAK (SEQ ID NO: 21) is shown as found in strain s4480-148-1. Ptac(4)-aceBAK (SEQ ID NO: 22) is shown as found in strain s4480-199-1. Ptac(5)-aceBAK (SEQ ID NO: 23) is shown as found in strain s4538-003-1. Ptac\lac-aceBAK (SEQ ID NO: 24) is shown as found in strain s4480-199-4. Ptac-glcB (SEQ ID NO: 25) is shown as found in strain s4397-109-2 and in strain s4538-006-1.

Table 1 shows strain numbers and relevant genotypes of strains presented in this document. Table 1 also presents primers and templates used in the PCR amplification of DNA used to construct strains listed in this document.

Table 2 lists the malate synthase (MS) and isocitrate lyase (ICL) specific activities of various strains carrying tac promoter fusions.

Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 list results of shake flasks experiments measuring threonine titers and yields of tac promoter fusion strains.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As discussed below, the invention provides microbial strains possessing improved properties for production of aspartate-derived amino acids and chemicals. Methods of making such strains are provided. These methods include altering expression of the aceBAK operon, the aceA gene, the aceB gene, the glcB gene, or combinations thereof. Alteration of expression may be accomplished through increased transcription, and/or relief from native transcriptional control. Replacement of native promoters for these genes is also contemplated; for instance, their native promoters may be replaced by the tac promoter (Ptac). Gene constructs providing novel features of the invention are also provided, including vectors, where such vectors may be, but are not limited to, a plasmid, a cosmid, a virus, a phage, a transposon, or a minichromosome.

I. DEFINITIONS

Certain terms used herein are used by those of ordinary skill in this art and have an ordinary meaning commonly understodd by such persons. The fullest scope of such ordinary meanings are intended to be embraced herein. However, to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given to terms therein, the following definitions are provided, for cases where a meaning is asserted that may conflict with the definitions provided herein, in which case the provided definitions control. Note that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “a polynucleotide” is understood to represent one or more polynucleotides. As such, the terms “a,” “an,” “one or more,” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.

Chromosomal Integration. As used herein, the term “chromosomal integration” refers to insertion of an exogenous DNA fragment into the chromosome of a host organism.

Constitutive. As used herein, the term “constitutive” refers to a promoter that is expressed and not known to be subject to regulation that completely causes cessation of expression; that is, it is always “on.”

Endogenous. As used herein, the term “endogenous” refers to a DNA sequence in an organism that is a naturally occurring within that organism.

aceA gene. As used herein, the term “aceA gene” refers to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein that has isocitrate lyase activity. Isocitrate lyase catalyzes the reversible cleavage of isocitrate to glyoxylate and succinate in the glyoxylate cycle. One example of an aceA gene encodes the protein according to SEQ ID NO: 3. Other examples of isocitrate lyase gene sequences from various bacterial strains include those that encode the proteins according to SEQ ID NOs: 28 through 35. Typical examples of aceA genes include the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 27. Other examples of aceA genes from various bacterial strains include those according to SEQ ID NOs: 36 through 41.

aceB gene. As used herein, the term “aceB gene” refers to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein that has malate synthase A activity. This activity catalyzes the reaction of acetyl-CoA with glyoxylate and water to form S-malate and CoA. Examples of aceB genes from various bacterial strains include those that encode the proteins according to SEQ ID NOs: 42 through 48. Typical examples of aceB genes include the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 26. Other typical examples of aceB genes from various bacterial strains include those according to SEQ ID NOs: 49 through 53.

glcB gene. As used herein, the term “glcB gene” refers to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein that has malate synthase G activity. This activity also catalyzes the reaction of acetyl-CoA with glyoxylate and water to form S-malate and CoA. One example of a glcB gene encodes the protein according to SEQ ID NO:8. Protein sequences that have malate synthase G activity may be distinguished from those having malate synthase A activity by having greater amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8 than SEQ ID NO: 42. Typical examples of glcB genes from various bacterial strains include those that encode the proteins according to SEQ ID NO: 7. Other typical examples of glcB genes from variou bacterial strains inclue those according to SEQ ID NOs: 58 through 60.

Heterologous. As used herein, the term “heterologous” refers to structures from different sources or from different locations within the same source.

Inducer. As used herein, the term “inducer” refers to a molecule that acts to stimulate transcription from an inducible promoter. The presence of an inducer (usually, but not always, an external molecule) stimulates transcription.

Isolated Polynucleotide. As used herein, the term “isolated polynucleotide” means a polynucleotide, DNA or RNA, that has been removed from its native environment. For example, recombinant DNA molecules contained in a vector are considered isolated. Further examples of isolated DNA molecules include recombinant DNA molecules maintained in heterologous host cells or purified (partially or substantially) DNA molecules in solution. A nucleic acid molecule contained in a clone that is a member of a mixed clone library and that has not been isolated from other clones of the library or a chromosome isolated or removed from a cell or a cell lysate, is not “isolated.” Isolated RNA molecules include in vivo or in vitro RNA transcripts of DNA molecules included in the invention. Isolated DNA also includes DNA that is produced by PCR amplification.

Recombinant nucleic acid. As used herein, the term “recombinant nucleic acid” means a polynucleotide sequence that has been manipulated to fuse together nucleic acids from herterologous sources.

Native promoter. As used herein, the term “native promoter” refers to a promoter that is an endogenous promoter operably associated with a gene in a parent strain.

Non-native promoter. As used herein, the term “non-native promoter” refers to a promoter that is either an endogenous promoter that is operably associated with a different gene than that with which it is operably associated in the microorganism as it is found in nature. A non-native promoter may also be a heterologous promoter.

A non-native promoter may also be a promoter that has had its sequence changed, deleted, replaced, and/or mutated with reference to a parent strain. Such change, deletion, replacement, and/or mutation may come about through any mechanism. Some possible mechanisms include but are not limited to chemical mutagenesis, ultraviolet mutagenesis, recombination, or other means as will be recognized by those skilled in the art. A non-native promoter may be created by one or more changes, deletions, replacements, or mutations. A non-native promoter may be created by multiple and/or successive mutations, changes, deletions, and/or replacements to a series of parental strains.

Operably associated. As used herein, the term “operably associated,” “operably linked,” and “operably configured” are used interchangeably and refer to an association of nucleic acid elements in a functional relationship. A nucleic acid sequence is “operably associated” with another nucleic acid sequence when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably associated with a polypeptide coding region if it affects the transcription of the polypeptide coding region. Operably associated nucleic acids are typically close together or contiguous and, where necessary, optimal, or useful, join two polypeptide coding regions contiguously and under common transcriptional control, such as in an operon.

Operon. As used herein, the term “operon” refers to a contiguous portion of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a mRNA in which two or more open reading frames encoding polypeptides are transcribed as a multi-cistronic messenger RNA, and controlled by a cis-acting promoter and possibly other cis-acting regulatory sequences operational for molecular control of transcription.

Promoter. As used herein, the term “promoter” denotes a portion of a DNA sequence that provides for binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription and thus refers to a DNA sequence capable of promoting expression of a coding sequence or other functional RNA in a cell. Promoter sequences are commonly, but not always, found in the 5′ non-coding regions of genes, upstream of one or more open reading frames encoding polypeptides. Sequence elements within promoters that function in the initiation of transcription are often characterized by consensus nucleotide sequences. A promoter sequence may include both proximal and more distal upstream elements. Examples of conserved proximal elements in bacterial promoters include the −10 region and the −35 region, located 10 and 35 bases, respectively, upstream of the point of transcriptional initiation. A promoter may be, for example, constitutive, inducible, or environmentally responsive.

A promoter may be derived in its entirety from a native gene or may be a hybrid promoter. Hybrid promoters are composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, and/or may comprise synthetic DNA segments.

Over-produce. As used herein, the term “over-produce” refers to the production of a compound by a cell in an amount greater than the amount produced by a reference strain. A reference strain may be, for example, a parent strain used to produce a strain of the invention. A reference strain may also be a wild-type strain.

Overexpress. As used herein the term “overexpress” means a gene product (RNA and/or protein) is overproduced in a progeny organism that has been manipulated by mutation, crossing, or recombinant DNA techniques relative to a wild type strain, or parent organisms not so manipulated.

Strain. As used herein, the term “strain” refers to bacteria of a particular species that have identical or substantially identical phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Unless indicated to the contrary, the terms “strain” and “cell” are used interchangeably herein.

Suppressor and Repressor. As used herein, the terms “suppressor” and “repressor” refer to different types of molecules that act to block or reduce transcription from a derepressable promoter. A supressor is a small molecule that binds to a receptor protein of some type, which binding leads to a suppression of gene expression. A repressor is a protein that binds to a cis-acting transcriptional regulatory element of a promoter, which binding causes a suppression of transciption from the promoter. Suppressors and repressors are often produced within a host cell. Suppressors may be added to a medium in which a host cell is being grown or will be grown.

Synthetic promoter. As used herein, the term “synthetic promoter” means a nucleotide sequence having promoter activity and that is not known to be found in nature.

Yield. As used herein, the term “yield” refers to the amount of a product produced in relation to the amount of a raw material consumed. With respect to amino acids produced by a microorganism, yield refers to the amount of amino acid produced with respect to the amount of raw material consumed by the process. For example, when 100 grams of dextrose is consumed by a microorganism that produces 25 grams of L-isoleucine, the yield of L-isoleucine, with respect to the dextrose, is 25%.

Cosmid. As used herein, the term “cosmid” refers to a hybrid vector comprised of plasmid sequences and the cohesive ends of bacteriophage lambda.

Exogenous. As used herein, the term “exogenous” refers to a DNA sequence in an organism that is not naturally occurring within that organism.

Extrachromosomal element. As used herein, the term “extrachromosomal element” refers to elements not associated with a chromosome. Extrachromosomal elements of the invention include, for example, but are not limited to, vectors. A vector may be, for example, but is not limited to a plasmid, cosmid, virus, phage transposon or minichromosome.

Homologous. As used herein, the term “homologous” refers to structures from the same source, or having the same evolutionary structure or function.

Homologous Recombination. As used herein, the term “homologous recombination” refers to the exchange of homologous or nearly homologous sequences between two DNA molecules.

Parent Strain. As used herein, the tem “parent strain” refers to a strain of microorganism that is mutated, electroporated, or otherwise changed to provide a strain or host cell of the invention, or a strain that precedes a strain that has been mutated, electroporated, or otherwise changed to provide a strain or host cell of the invention.

Plasmid. As used herein, the term “plasmid” refers to a circular extrachromosomal element that may be used as a vector for cloning.

Endogenous Promoter. As used herein, the term “endogenous promoter” refers to a promoter sequence that is a naturally occurring promoter sequence within the wild-type of a selected host microorganism.

Heterologous Promoter. As used herein, the term “heterologous promoter” refers to a promoter sequence that is a non-naturally occurring promoter sequence in a selected host microorganism. A non-naturally occurring promoter sequence may be from any prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism.

Regulation. As used herein, the term “regulation” refers to the rising and falling levels of some gene products in response to molecular signals. These gene products may be, for example, but are not limited to proteins and mRNA. Regulation may be “positive regulation,” (or “induction”) in which gene products increase under particular circumstances. Regulation may be “negative regulation,” (or “repression”) in which gene products decrease under particular circumstances.

Ribosome binding site (RBS). As used herein, the term “ribosome binding site” refers to a region of an mRNA molecule that binds a ribosome to initiate translation.

Vector. As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a DNA molecule capable of replication in a host organism.

Unless otherwise indicated, all nucleotide sequences newly described herein were determined using an automated DNA sequencer (such as the Model 373 from Applied Biosystems, Inc.). Therefore, as is known in the art, for any DNA sequence determined by this automated approach, any nucleotide sequence determined herein may contain some errors. Nucleotide sequences determined by automation are typically at least about 90% identical, more typically at least about 95% to at least about 99.9% identical to the actual nucleotide sequence of the sequenced DNA molecule.

PS II. STRAINS AND NUCLEOTIDES

Aspects of the invention include both methods of producing cells that over-produce an amino acid or amino acids as well as cells produced by those methods, descendants of those cells, and cells with similar characteristics. Although the invention is discussed herein in the context of the production of L-threonine, it is to be understood that methods, strains, and constructs of the invention may be used to produce other amino acids or chemicals derived from aspartate, including but not limited to L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-homoserine, and L-lysine

Bacteria and methods of the invention may be made with or with a “knock-out” of an existing promoter or gene. A “knock out” physically displaces a promoter or gene by insertion or deletion so that the promoter or gene is non-functional. When a non-native promoter is operably associated with the aceBAK operon or glcB gene, the native promoter may be interrupted or deleted (either in whole or in part). Alternatively, the non-native promoter may be placed either upstream or downstream of the native promoter for the gene with which the non-native promoter is operably associated without knocking out the functional acticity of the native promoter. In such cases, however, the non-native promoter will also function to promote transcription in a manner that is independent of the native promoter.

A number of promoters are suitable for the invention. They include, for example, but are not limited to, the promoters tac, trc, lac, lpp, trp, lambda P_(L), lambda P_(R), lacUV5, araBAD, lpp-lac, phoA, recA, proU, cst-1, tetA, cadA, nar, cspA, T7, T7lac, T3lac, T-lac, T4 gene 32, nprMlac, VHb, and Protein A. An exemplary nucleotide sequence for a tac promoter (SEQ ID NO: 9) (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:21-25., de Boer et al.) is set forth in FIG. 5. Sequences for other promoters are known to those skilled in the art, and their use in the invention will be evident with the benefit of this disclosure.

A chromosome or chromosomes of the strains of the invention may include more than one aceBAK operon and/or glcDFGB operon or glcB gene, and each operon or gene may independently have either a non-native or native promoter operably associated with that operon or gene. If there is more than one aceBAK operon, glcDFGB operon and/or glcB gene in a chromosome, they may include non-native promoters that are the same or different.

In addition to including a promoter that is not a native aceBAK operon, glcDFGB operon and/or glcB gene promoter operably associated with at least one aceBAK operon, glcDFGB operon and/or glcB gene, a strain of the invention may include a ribosome binding site operably associated with aceBAK operon, glcDFGB operon and/or glcB gene and a non-native promoter, where the ribosome binding site is either a native aceBAK operon, glcDFGB operon and/or glcB gene ribosome binding site or a non-native ribosome binding site. Non-native ribosome binding sites for use in the invention include a ribosome binding sites from lac, thrA, folA, araC, araB, galE, ompA, trypE, lamB, MS2 coat and QB coat.

It should be understood that throughout this disclosure, nucleotide sequences and/or promoters disclosed in this invention should be construed to include both the consensus sequences for those sequences and/or promoters, and, in some aspects of the invention, nucleotide sequences that are at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a disclosed sequence.

As a practical matter, whether any particular nucleotide sequence is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence can be determined conventionally using sequence analysis computer programs such as OMIGA® Version 2.0 for Windows, available from Oxford Molecular, Ltd. (Oxford, U.K.). OMIGA® uses the CLUSTAL W alignment algorithm using the slow full dynamic programming alignment method with default parameters of an open gap penalty of 10 and an extend gap penalty of 5.0, to find the best alignment between two nucleotide sequences. When using CLUSTAL W or another sequence alignment program to determine whether a particular sequence is, for instance, 95% identical to a reference sequence, the parameters may be set such that the percentage of identity is calculated over the full length of the reference nucleotide sequence such that gaps, mismatches, or insertions of up to 5% of the total number of nucleotides in the reference sequence are allowed. Other sequence analysis methods and programs as known in the art may be used in the invention.

Experiments described in this disclosure used the GCG® Wisconsin Package® (Wisconsin Package Version 10.3, or 11.1, Accelrys Inc., San Diego, Calif. Portions of SeqLAb are based on the “Genetic Data Environment (GDE)”, originally developed in the Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Ill., USA, and licensed to GCG), a sequencing program available from Accelrys®. Elements of the Wisconsin Package® that were used include GAP, SSEARCH, FASTA, and BLAST.

Bacterial strains s4397-184-1, s4480-140-5, s4480-148-1, s4480-199-1, s4538-003-1, s4480-199-4, s4397-109-2, and s4538-006-2, deposited on May 11, 2005, at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, Ill. and given, respectively, the deposit numbers NRRLB-30844, NRRLB-30845, NRRLB-30846, NRRLB-30847, NRRLB-30848, NRRLB-30849, NRRLB-30850, and NRRLB-30851 demonstrate various aspects of the invention. For instance, in s4397-184-1 the tac promoter has been operably associated with the aceBAK operon in E. coli. This strain is capable of increased malate synthase A activity and increased threonine titer when compared to the malate synthase activity and threonine titer in wild-type E. coli when tested in a shake flask. Results with these strains are set forth more fully in Example 4 and Example 5, below.

In a still further aspect, the invention includes a nucleic acid that includes a non-native promoter operably associated with at least one of an aceA gene, an aceB gene, and a glcB gene, wherein the nucleic acid encodes, respectively, at least one of isocitrate lyase, malate synthase A, or malate synthase G. Non limiting examples of the polypeptides corresponding to the aceA gene include the protein according to SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NOs: 28 through 35. Typical examples of aceA genes include the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO: 27. Other examples of aceA genes from various bacterial strains include those according to SEQ ID NOs: 36 through 41. Non-limiting examples of the polypeptides corresponding to the aceB gene include the protein according to SEQ ID NOs: 42 through 48. Non-limiting examples of the polypeptides corresponding to the glcB gene include the proteins according to SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NOs: 54 through 57. NON-limiting examples of the foregoing polynucleotides are the nucleic acids according to SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NOs: 36 through 41, SEQ ID NOs: 45 through 53, and SEQ ID NOs: 58 through 60.

The polynucleotide may also be DNA according to one of the preceding polynucleotide sequences that is degenerate thereto with respect to the genetic code or DNA containing silent mutations of the foregoing sequences. Such silent mutations are discussed in Bowie, J. U., et al., “Deciphering the Message in Protein Sequences: Tolerance to Amino Acid Substitutions,” Science 247:1306-1310 (1990). The polynucleotides may also be DNA that is at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% identical to the DNA, DNA with degenerate alterations, or DNA with silent alterations as discussed above, or a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to any DNA discussed above. The invention may also include a vector that provides any of the polynucleotides of this paragraph.

III. DNA CONSTRUCTS

In another aspect, the invention includes DNA constructs (e.g. vectors) that comprise at least a portion of an E. coli aceBAK operon and/or glcDFGB operon, for instance the glcB gene, aceA gene, and/or aceB gene, operably associated with at least one promoter that is not a native promoter. DNA constructs of the invention may further include a ribosome binding site that is not the native E. coli gene ribosome binding site for the included gene, for instance the lac ribosome binding site. Of course, DNA constructs of the invention may include other regulatory elements or additional DNA elements known to those in the art.

DNA constructs of the invention may be a vector or vectors. Vectors of the invention may comprise at least one regulatory element. For example, a regulatory element may be a promoter, operator, activator, repressor, and/or enhancer. Vectors may also comprise an initiation sequence or sequences and/or a ribosome binding site or ribosome binding sites. Vectors may further comprise a selectable marker. Regulatory elements may be located on chromosomes of host cells and/or within other vectors.

In one aspect of the invention, a DNA construct is provided comprising an aceA gene, aceB gene, or glcB gene operably associated with at least one promoter heterologous to Escherichia coli. In a further aspect of the invention, a DNA construct further comprises at least one ribosome binding site operably associated with an aceA gene, aceB gene, or glcB gene and a promoter that is not the native E. coli aceA, aceB, or glcB promoter, wherein said at least one ribosome binding site is not the native E. coli ribosome binding site for those genes.

Vectors of the invention may be, but are not limited to, a plasmid, a cosmid, a virus, a phage, a transposon, or a minichromosome. In a further aspect of the invention, a promoter operably associated with an aceA gene, aceB gene, or glcB gene in a DNA construct may be, for example, but is not limited to, tac, trc, lac, lpp, trp, lambda P_(L), lambda P_(R), lacUV5, araBAD, lpp-lac, phoA, recA, proU, cst-1, tetA, cadA, nar, cspA, T7, T71lac, T3lac, T-lac, T4 gene 32, nprMlac, VHb, and Protein A.

In a further aspect of the invention, a host cell is provided that includes a DNA construct of the invention. A host cell may be a microorganism, including, for example, an E. coli cell, and may include further modifications or inclusions as may be desired by those skilled in the art. The host cell may produce L-threonine. In one aspect, the host cell produces L-threonine in higher yield than a parent cell that does not bear at least one DNA construct of the invention.

IV. CULTURE MEDIA AND PROCESSES FOR AMINO ACID PRODUCTION

The invention is also directed to use of the above-described and below-claimed strains and host cells in fermentation processes for production of amino acids in general. Such amino acids may include, for example, amino acids of the aspartate family. Amino acids of the aspartate family may include, for example, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-homoserine and L-lysine. Amino acids may be obtained, for example, by culturing strains or host cells of the invention in a synthetic or natural medium containing at least one carbon source, at least one nitrogen source, and, as appropriate, inorganic salts, growth factors, and the like.

Examples of suitable carbon sources include but are not limited to carbohydrates, such as dextrose, fructose, starch, sucrose, starch hydrolysate, cellulose hydrolysate and molasses; organic acids, such as acetic acid, propionic acid, formic acid, malic acid, citric acid, and fumaric acid; and alcohols, such as glycerol and ethanol.

Examples of suitable nitrogen sources include but are not limited to ammonia, including ammonia gas and aqueous ammonia; ammonium salts of inorganic or organic acids, such as ammonium chloride, ammomium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium acetate; and other nitrogen-containing substances, including meat extract, peptone, corn steep liquor, casein hydrolysate, soybean cake hydrolysate and yeast extract.

Culture media suitable for use with the invention includes but is not limited to the following media:

1. Minimal Medium. Davis minimal media (per 1 liter 7.0 g dipotassium phosphate, 2.0 g monopotassium phospate, 0.5 g/l sodium citrate, 0.1 magnesium sulfate, 1.0 g ammonium sulfate, pH 7.0 supplemented with a carbon source (typically dextrose) to 0.1% (w/v) and supplemented as needed with a source of amino acids (typically 0.1% casamino acids (w/v) or 0.15% yeast extract (w/v)).

2. LB (10 g/l tryptone, 5 g/l yeast extract 10 g/l NaCl)

-   -   3. BTY2 (1.0 g/l K2HPO4, 10.0 g/l (NH4)2SO4, 40.8 g/l Bis-Tris,         15 g/l yeast extract (Difco), 32.5 g/l dextrose, and 1.2 g/l         MgSO4-7H2O pH 7.0)

3. BTC3 (1.0 g/l K2HPO4, 10.0 g/l (NH4)2SO4, 40.8 g/l Bis-Tris, 20 ml/l 50% solids corn steep liquor (Sigma), 25.0 g/l dextrose, and 1.2 g/l MgSO4-7H2O pH 7.0 supplemented as needed with amino acids source (typically 1.0% casamino acids or 1.5% yeast extract (w/v)).

Amino acids may be commercially produced using strains of the invention in, for example, batch type or fed-batch type fermentation processes. In batch type fermentations, nutrients are added at the beginning of the fermentation. In fed-batch or extended fed-batch type fermentations one or more nutrients are supplied (1) continuously to the culture, (2) from the beginning of the fermentation or after the culture has reached a certain age, and/or (3) when the nutrient(s) that are fed are exhausted from the culture medium.

A variation of the extended batch of fed-batch type fermentation is the repeated fed-batch or fill-and-draw fermentation, where part of the contents of the fermentor may be removed at a particular time (e.g., when the fermentor is full) while feeding of a nutrient is continued. In this way, a fermentation can be extended for a longer time as compared to when such methods are not used.

Another type of fermentation, continuous fermentation or chemostat culture, uses continuous feeding of a complete medium while culture fluid is continuously or semi-continuously withdrawn in such a way that the volume of the broth in the fermentor remains approximately constant. A continuous fermentation can in theory be maintained for an infinite period of time.

In a batch fermentation, the cultured organism grows until either one of the essential nutrients in the medium becomes exhausted or fermentation conditions become unfavorable (e.g., the pH decreases to a value inhibitory for microbial growth). In fed-batch fermentations measures are normally taken to maintain favorable growth conditions (e.g., by using pH control) and exhaustion of one or more essential nutrients is prevented by feeding these nutrient(s) to the culture. Cultured microorganism will normally continue to grow at a rate determined by the rate of nutrient feed.

In some instances a single nutrient, very often a carbon source, will become limiting for growth. The same principle applies during continuous fermentation, in which one nutrient in the medium feed may be limiting and all of the other nutrients are in excess. After the microorganisms have stopped growing, the limiting nutrient will generally be present in the culture fluid in an extremely low concentration.

While different types of nutrient limitation can be employed, carbon source limitation is used most often. Other examples of limiting nutrients include the nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, trace metal, and oxygen sources. Vitamins and amino acids may also be limiting nutrients, particularly where a microorganism being cultured is auxotrophic for a limiting amino acid or vitamin.

After cultivation, amino acids (e.g., L-threonine, L-methionine, L-homoserine, L-lysine or L-isoleucine) that have accumulated in the culture broth may be partially or fully separated from the broth according to one or more of a variety of methods. For example, ion-exchange resins reportedly may be used to purify L-threonine according to methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,766. This method involves first removing the microorganisms from the culture broth by centrifugation and then adjusting the pH of the broth to about 2 using hydrochloric acid. The acidified solution is subsequently passed through a strongly acidic cation exchange resin and the adsorbent eluted using dilute aqueous ammonia. The ammonia is removed by evaporation under vacuum, and the resulting solution is condensed. Addition of alcohol and subsequent cooling provides crystals of L-threonine. Another method for the purification of L-isoleucine from culture media is reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,918.

VI. EXAMPLES

The examples below are only representative of some aspects of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the inventions as set forth in the specification can be practiced with a variety of microorganisms and promoters. These examples and the strains used therein should not be interpreted as limiting the invention in any way not explicitly stated in the claims.

Example 1

Example 1 describes the production of strains that over-produce malate synthase and isocitrate lyase by insertion of a tac promoter in positions upstream of aceB in a manner that causes an increased expression of the genes of the aceBAK operon.

A tac promoter (de Boer, et al, 1983 and FIG. 5) was inserted upstream of the wild-type aceB gene by transformation of strain s4370-69-2 with linear DNA encoding the kanamycin resistance gene from plasmid pKD4 (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000) (FIG. 3). Strain s4370-69-2, a parent strain, lacks antibiotic resistance markers. It was deposited on May 11, 2005 at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, Ill. and given the deposit number NRRLB-30843. Plasmid pKD4 was used as template in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers aceBUS-kan4 (SEQ ID NO: 10) and a promoter construct specific primer (tacaceB-kan3 (SEQ ID NO: 11), tac(2)aceB-kan3 (SEQ ID NO: 12) or tac(3)aceB-kan3 (SEQ ID NO: 13) All primer sequences are listed in FIG. 4. Alternatively chromosomal DNA of strain s4397-184-1 (Ptac-aceBAK)(Table 1) was used as template using primers aceBUS-kan4 (SEQ ID NO: 10) and a promoter construct specific primer (tac(4)aceB (SEQ ID NO: 14), tac(5)aceB (SEQ ID NO: 15) or aceB-tac\acrev (SEQ ID NO: 16)). These PCR products contained the kanamycin resistance gene flanked by sequence homologous to that of the aceB allele of strain MG1655 (Blattner et al, 1997) and with the tac promoter substituted for the aceBAK promoter (Chung et al., 1988). PCR was performed using Advantage HF™ PCR kits (Clontech) following the manufacturer's directions. 50 ul reactions included 5 ul of 10×HF PCR reaction buffer (Clontech proprietary formula), 5 ul 10×HF dNTP mix (Clontech proprietary formula), 1 ul 50× Advantage-HF polymerase mix (which is composed of 50% glycerol, 40 mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.5), 50 mM KCl, 25 mM (NH₄)₂SO4, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.25% Thesit, 1.1 ug/ul TaqStart antibody, a Clontech proprietary amount of KlenTaq-1 DNA polymerase, and a proprietary amount of Deep Vent™ DNA polymerase), 0.5 ul of each primer (100 pmol/ul) and 1 ul of template DNA (1-50 pg/ul). Cycling was performed in an Applied Biosystems 9700 thermocycler as follows: pretreatment at 94° C. for 4 min then 25 cycles of 10 sec at 94° C., 30 sec at 55° C. and 90 sec at 68° C. TABLE 1 Promoter Strain Construct Primers Template s4397-184-1 Ptac-aceBAK aceBUS-kan4 pKD4 (SEQ ID NO: 19) (SEQ ID NO: 10) & tacaceB-kan3 (SEQ ID NO: 11) s4480-140-5 Ptac(2)-aceBAK aceBUS-kan4 pKD4 (SEQ ID NO: 20) (SEQ ID NO: 10)& tac(2)aceB-kan3 (SEQ ID NO: 12) s4480-148-1 Ptac(3)-aceBAK aceBUS-kan4 pKD4 (SEQ ID NO: 21) (SEQ ID NO: 10)& tac(3)aceB-kan3 (SEQ ID NO: 13) s4480-199-1 Ptac(4)-aceBAK aceBUS-kan4 s4397-184-1 (SEQ ID NO: 22) (SEQ ID NO: 10) & tac(4)aceB (SEQ ID NO: 14) s4538-003-1 Ptac(5)-aceBAK aceBUS-kan4 s4397-184-1 (SEQ ID NO: 23) (SEQ ID NO: 10) & tac(5)aceB (SEQ ID NO: 15) s4480-199-4 Ptac\lac-aceBAK aceBUS-kan4 s4397-184-1 (SEQ ID NO: 24) (SEQ ID NO: 10)& aceB-tac\lacrev (SEQ ID NO: 16) s4397-109-2 Ptac-glcB glcBUS-spc2 pBSL175 (SEQ ID NO: 25) (SEQ ID NO: 18) & tac-glcB-spc1 (SEQ ID NO: 17) s4538-006-1 Ptac-glcB aceBUS-kan4 pKD4 (SEQ ID NO: 25) (SEQ ID NO: 10) & Ptac-aceBAK tacaceB-kan3 (SEQ ID NO: 19) (SEQ ID NO: 11) s4370-69-2 parent strain

Table 1. Construction of eight different overexpression strains. Listed are the primers and templates used to introduce each promoter gene fusion along with the strain designations of the resultant strains.

The PCR products were then used to transform strain s4370-69-2 carrying plasmid pKD46 following protocols previously described (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000) with the following modifications: 50 ml LB (Difco) cultures, in 250 ml baffled shake flasks, of strain s4370-69-2 carrying plasmid pKD46 growing at 30° C. on an orbital shaker were grown to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.4. 0.5 ml of 20% (w/v) arabinose was then added and the cultures were allowed to grow another 2.0 hours at which time the cells were made electrocompetent following the protocol of Datsenko and Wanner (2000). Electroporation was performed by suspending 1.0-3.0 ug of precipitated PCR product in 45 □l of electrocompetent cells and transferring the mixture to a 0.1 cm electroporation cuvette. The cuvette was then pulsed in a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser® II at 1.8 kV, 25 □F, and 200Ω. The cells were then grown out in 1 ml 2YT (Difco) for 4 hours at 37° C. and the entire 1 ml was plated onto LB agar (Difco) with 50 □g/ml kanamycin and incubated at 37° C. for a period of 1-2 days. Resultant kanamycin resistant strains were cured of plasmid pKD46 as described in Datsenko and Wanner (2000) yielding strains s4397-184-1 (Ptac-aceBAK), s4480-140-5 (Ptac(2)-aceBAK), s4480-148-1 (Ptac(3)-aceBAK), s4480-199-1 (Ptac(4)-aceBAK), s4538-003-1 (Ptac(5)-aceBAK), and s4480-199-4 (Ptac\lac-aceBAK)(Table 1).

Example 2

The following example describes the production of a strain that over-produces malate synthase by the introduction of a tac promoter upstream of glcB of Escherichia coli positioned in a manner that causes an increased expression of the glcB gene product.

A tac promoter (de Boer, et al, 1983 and FIG. 5) was inserted upstream of the glcB gene, driving GlcB expression, by transformation of strain s4370-69-2 with linear DNA encoding the spectinomycin resistance gene from plasmid pBSL175 (Alexeyev et al, 1995) (FIG. 3). Plasmid pBSL175 was used as template in PCR using primers glcBUS-spc2 (SEQ ID NO: 18) and tac-glcB-spc1 (SEQ ID NO: 17) (all primer sequences are listed in FIG. 4). This PCR product contained the spectinomycin resistance gene flanked by sequence homologous to that of the glcB allele from MG1655 (Blattner et al, 1997) and with the tac promoter substituted for the DNA immediately upstream of the glcB gene. The PCR was performed using Advantage HF™ PCR kits (Clontech) following the manufacturer's directions. 50 ul reactions included 5 ul of 10×HF PCR reaction buffer (Clontech proprietary formula), 5 ul 10×HF dNTP mix (Clontech proprietary formula), 1 ul 50× Advantage-HF polymerase mix (which is composed of 50% glycerol, 40 mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.5), 50 mM KCl, 25 mM (NH₄)₂SO4, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.25% Thesit, 1.1 ug/ul TaqStart antibody, a proprietary amount of KlenTaq-1 DNA polymerase, and a proprietary amount of Deep Vent™ DNA polymerase), 0.5 ul of each primer (100 pmol/ul) and 1 ul of template DNA (1-50 pg/ul) Cycling was performed in an Applied Biosystems 9700 thermocycler as follows: pretreatment at 94° C. for 4 min then 25 cycles of 10 sec at 94° C., 30 sec at 55° C. and 90 sec at 68° C.

The PCR products were then used to transform strain s4370-69-2 carrying plasmid pKD46 following protocols previously described (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000) with the following modifications: 50 ml LB (Difco) cultures (in 250 ml baffled shake flasks) of strain s4370-69-2 carrying plasmid pKD46 growing at 30° C. on an orbital shaker were grown to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.4. Then 0.5 ml of 20% (w/v) arabinose was added and the cultures were allowed to grow another 2.0 hours at which time the cells were made electrocompetent following the procedure of Datsenko and Wanner (2000). Electroporation was performed by suspending 1.0-3.0 ug of precipitated PCR product in 45 □l of electrocompetent cells and transferring the mixture to a 0.1 cm electroporation cuvette. The cuvette was then pulsed in a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser® II at 1.8 kV, 25 □F, and 200Ω. The cells were then grown out in 1 ml 2YT (Difco) for 4 hours at 37° C. and the entire 1 ml was plated onto LB agar (Difco) with 10 □g/ml spectinomycin and incubated at 37° C. for a period of 2-3 days. The resultant spectinomycin resistant strain was cured of plasmid pKD46 as described in Datsenko and Wanner (2000), yielding strain s4397-109-2.

Example 3

The following example describes the production of a strain that over-produces malate synthase and isocitrate lyase by the introduction of tac promoters upstream of glcB and upstream of the aceBAK operon of Escherichia coli positioned in a manner to cause the constitutive over-expression of the glcB and aceBAK gene products.

A tac promoter (de Boer, et al, 1983 and FIG. 5) was inserted upstream of the wild-type aceB gene of strain s4397-109-2 by transformation of strain s4370-69-2 with linear DNA encoding the kanamycin resistance gene from plasmid pKD4 (Datsenko and Wanner)(FIG. 3). Plasmid pKD4 was used as template in PCR using primers aceBUS-kan4 (SEQ ID NO: 10) and tacaceB-kan3 (SEQ ID NO: 11) (all primer sequences are listed in FIG. 4). This PCR product contained the kanamycin resistance gene flanked by sequence homologous to that of the aceB allele of strain MG1655 (Blattner et al., 1997) and with the tac promoter substituted for the aceBAK promoter (Chung et al., 1988). The PCR was performed using Advantage HF™ PCR kits (Clontech) following the manufacturer's directions. 50 ul reactions included 5 ul of 10×HF PCR reaction buffer (Clontech proprietary formula), 5 ul 10×HF dNTP mix (Clontech proprietary formula), 1 ul 50× Advantage-HF polymerase mix (which is composed of 50% glycerol, 40 mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.5), 50 mM KCl, 25 mM (NH₄)₂SO4, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.25% Thesit, 1.1 ug/ul TaqStart antibody, a Clontech proprietary amount of KlenTaq-1 DNA polymerase, and a Clontech proprietary amount of Deep Vent™ DNA polymerase), 0.5 ul of each primer (100 pmol/ul) and 1 ul of template DNA (1-50 pg/ul) Cycling was performed in an Applied Biosystems 9700 thermocycler as follows: pretreatment at 94° C. for 4 min then 25 cycles of 10 sec at 94° C., 30 sec at 55° C. and 90 sec at 68° C.

The PCR product was then used to transform strain s4397-109-1 carrying plasmid pKD46 following protocols previously described (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000) with the following modifications: 50 ml LB (Difco) cultures (in 250 ml baffled shake flasks) of strain s4397-109-1 carrying plasmid pKD46 growing at 30° C. on an orbital shaker were grown to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.4. 0.5 ml of 20% (w/v) arabinose was then added and the cultures were allowed to grow another 2.0 hours at which time the cells were made electrocompetent following the procedure of Datsenko and Wanner (2000). Electroporation was performed by suspending 1.0-3.0 ug of precipitated PCR product in 45 □l of electrocompetent cells and transferring the mixture to a 0.1 cm electroporation cuvette. The cuvette was then pulsed in a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser® II at 1.8 kV, 25 □F, and 200Ω. The cells were then grown out in 1 ml 2YT (Difco) for 4 hours at 37° C. and the entire 1 ml was plated onto LB agar (Difco) with 50 □g/ml kanamycin and incubated at 37° C. for a period of 1-2 days.

The resultant kanamycin resistant strain was cured of plasmid pKD46 as described in Datsenko and Wanner (2000), yielding strain s4538-006-1.

Example 4

The following example illustrates a utility of placing a tac promoter upstream of and driving expression of glcB and the aceBAK operon for providing constitutive high expression levels of glyoxylate shunt enzymes.

Expression levels of glyoxylate shunt genes were assessed by measurement of enzyme specific activity levels of malate synthase and isocitrate lyase. Cultures for enzyme assays were grown in 50 ml Davis minimal media (Difco) supplemented with 0.1% (w/v) casamino acids (Difco) and either 0.4% (w/v) dextrose or a combination of 0.4% (w/v) glycerol and 0.4% Na-acetate (w/v) in a 250 ml baffled flask on a New Brunswick G53 shaker at 240 rpm at 37° C. Malate synthase levels were measured by following the glyoxylate dependent release of free CoA from acetyl-CoA according to the method of Omston and Omston (1969). Isocitrate lyase levels were measured by following the isocitrate dependent production of glyoxylate according to the method of Maloy et al. (1980). Table 2 shows that the introduction of a tac promoter in front of the aceB gene increases the enzyme levels of both malate synthase and of isocitrate lyase whether grown with dextrose or with glycerol plus acetate relative to wild-type. Table 2 also shows that the introduction of a tac promoter in front of the glcB gene greatly increases the level of malate synthase, but leaves the level of isocitrate lyase unchanged. TABLE 2 Malate Synthase Isocitrate Lyase Activity Activity (nmol/min/mg) (nmol/min/mg) Strain Genotype Dextrose Glycerol + Acetate Dextrose Glycerol + Acetate s4370-69-2 Parent strain 4.7 62.4 3.1 6.3 s4397-184-1 Ptac-aceBAK 47.2 91.1 143.1 222.7 s4480-140-5 Ptac(2)-aceBAK 149.9 172.5 168.7 234.4 s4480-148-1 Ptac(3)-aceBAK 247.9 155.3 225.1 314.3 s4480-199-1 Ptac(4)-aceBAK 124.7 159.9 157.2 318.1 s4538-003-1 Ptac(5)-aceBAK 139.0 148.1 203.3 250.0 s4480-199-4 Ptac\lac-aceBAK 145.3 174.0 105.3 302.1 s4397-109-2 Ptac-glcB 932.1 1730.7 1.4 3.3 s4538-006-1 Ptac-glcB 1981.0 2115.1 63.5 212.3 Ptac-aceBAK

Table 2. Malate synthase and isocitrate lyase specific activities of seven over-expression strains along with the parent strain (s4370-69-2). Each strain/media combination was assayed a minimum of six times and averages are shown. The strains were grown in Davis minimal media (Difco) with 0.1% casamino acids (Difco). The carbon source was either 0.4% dextrose or 0.4% glycerol+0.4% sodium acetate.

Example 5

The following example illustrates the usefulness of over-expressing enzymes of the glyoxylate shunt for increasing threonine yields and titers in threonine production strains.

Performance of the over-expression strains was tested in shake flasks using media BTC3 (1.0 g/l K2HPO4, 10.0 g/l (NH4)2SO4, 40.8 g/l Bis-Tris, 20 ml/l 50% solids corn steep liquor (Sigma), 25.0 g/l dextrose, and 1.2 g/l MgSO4-7H2O pH 7.0). Actively growing LB (Difco) cultures were used to inoculate media BTY2 (1.0 g/l K2HPO4, 10.0 g/l (NH4)2SO4, 40.8 g/l Bis-Tris, 15 g/l yeast extract (Difco), 32.5 g/l dextrose, and 1.2 g/l MgSO4-7H2O pH 7.0) (0.1 ml into 20 ml BTY2). After 18 hrs, 0.25 ml of BTY2 was passed into 20 ml of BTC3. After a further 24 hours, BTC3 cultures were harvested and the threonine and dextrose concentrations were determined. All cultures were grown in 250 ml baffled flasks, on a New Brunswick G53 shaker set at 240 rpm at 37° C. Results are shown in Tables 3, 4, and 5.

Table 3, 4, and 5. Threonine production of mutant strains in shake flasks. Cultures were grown in media BTC3 and threonine and dextrose concentrations were determined. Representative experiments shown are the averages of six flasks for each strain. Where different tables show the same strain, results are separated by week. TABLE 3 Yield (g threonine/g Strain Relevant genotype Titer (g/l) dextrose) s4370-69-2 Parent 7.2 0.274 s4397-184-1 Ptac-aceB 7.9 0.299 s4538-199-1 Ptac(4)-aceB 7.8 0.298 s4538-003-1 Ptac(5)-aceB 7.6 0.289 s4480-199-4 Ptac\lac-aceB 7.8 0.297 s4538-006-1 Ptac-glcB 7.7 0.293 Ptac-aceB

TABLE 4 Relevant Threonine Yield Strain genotype Titer (g/l) (g/g) s4370-69-2 Parent 8.1 0.296 s4397-184-1 Ptac-aceB 8.4 0.306 s4480-140-5 Ptac(2)-aceB 8.0 0.294 s4480-148-1 Ptac(3)-aceB 8.1 0.297

TABLE 5 Relevant Strain genotype Titer (g/l) Yield (g/g) S4370-69-2 Parent 8.3 0.307 S4397-109-2 Ptac-glcB 8.0 0.298

Example 6

Example 6 includes the production of a strain that over-produces malate synthase G by the introduction of a plasmid including a lac promoter operably associated with a native glcB promoter of Escherichia coli. Example 6 is a prophetic example. The experiments and procedures in Example 6 have not been performed and are meant to be illustrative only.

A pUC-based plasmid is constructed that contains the glcB gene from E. coli strain s4370-69-2 operably associated with the lac promoter of the pUC-based plasmid. Construction of the plasmid is performed by methods known to those skilled in the art and with the benefit of this disclosure. The lac::glcB plasmid is introduced into the s4370-69-2 parent strain by electroporation, generating a strain in which glcB is over-expressed by operation of the lac promoter. Inclusion of the plasmid is demonstrated by restriction mapping and Southern blot analysis.

The strain produced in this example is cultured in a suitable medium to demonstrate expression levels of glcB. Such a medium may be, but is not limited to, Davis minimal media supplemented with casamino acids and either dextrose or a combination of glycerol and sodium acetate. Levels of malate synthase G are increased over similar experiments with the parent strain, as demonstrated by a specific activity that is as little as two to as much as seventy-five times greater than the specific activity in the parent strain.

Increased levels of malate synthase G lead to increased production of L-threonine in the modified strain when compared to L-threonine production in the parent strain, as is shown by culture of the modified strain in growth media such as BTC3, described above. L-threonine yield of a culture of the modified plasmid-containing strain is increased by as much as 10% over that of the parent strain.

Patents, patent applications, publications, scientific articles, books, web sites, and other documents and materials referenced or mentioned herein are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the inventions pertain. Each such referenced document and material is hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if it had been incorporated by reference in its entirety individually or set forth or reprinted herein in its entirety. Additionally, all claims in this application, and all priority applications, including but not limited to original claims, are hereby incorporated in their entirety into, and form a part of, the written description of the invention. Applicants reserve the right to physically incorporate into this specification any and all materials and information from any such patents, applications, publications, scientific articles, web sites, electronically available information, and other referenced materials or documents. Applicants reserve the right to physically incorporate into any part of this document, including any part of the written description, and the claims referred to above including but not limited to any original claims.

The inventions have been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part of these inventions. This includes the generic description of each invention which hereby include, including any claims thereto, a proviso or negative limitation removing or optionally allowing the removal of any subject matter from the genus, regardless of whether or not the excised materials or options were specifically recited or identified in haec verba herein, and all such variations form a part of the original written description of the inventions. In addition, where features or aspects of an invention are described in terms of a Markush group, the invention shall be understood thereby to be described in terms of each and every, and any, individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

The inventions illustratively described and claimed herein can suitably be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations, not specifically disclosed herein or described herein as essential. Thus, for example, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” “for example,” etc., shall be read expansively and without limitation. In claiming their inventions, the inventors reserve the right to substitute any transitional phrase with any other transitional phrase, and the inventions shall be understood to include such substituted transitions and form part of the original written description of the inventions. Thus, for example, the term “comprising” may be replaced with either of the transitional phrases “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of.”

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Under no circumstances may the patent be interpreted to be limited to the specific examples or embodiments or methods specifically disclosed herein. Under no circumstances may the patent be interpreted to be limited by any statement made by any Examiner or any other official or employee of the Patent and Trademark Office unless such statement was specifically and without qualification or reservation expressly adopted by Applicants in a responsive writing specifically relating to the application that led to this patent prior to its issuance.

The terms and expressions employed herein have been used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions, or any portions thereof, to exclude any equivalents now know or later developed, whether or not such equivalents are set forth or shown or described herein or whether or not such equivalents are viewed as predictable, but it is recognized that various modifications are within the scope of the invention claimed, whether or not those claims issued with or without alteration or amendment for any reason. Thus, it shall be understood that, although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modifications and variations of the inventions embodied therein or herein disclosed can be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the inventions disclosed and claimed herein.

Specific methods and compositions described herein are representative of preferred embodiments and are exemplary and not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Other objects, aspects, and embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of this specification, and are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims. Where examples are given, the description shall be construed to include but not to be limited to only those examples. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, and from the description of the inventions, including those illustratively set forth herein, it is manifest that various modifications and equivalents can be used to implement the concepts of the present invention without departing from its scope. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Thus, for example, additional embodiments are within the scope of the invention and within the following claims. 

1. A process for the production of an L-amino acid product by fermentation comprising (a) growing in a fermentation medium, a bacterium that produces the L-amino acid and that contains a recombinant nucleic acid construct operably configured to overexpress at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a gene in an aceBAK operon and a glcB gene in said bacterium; (b) enriching said L-amino acid in at least one of the the fermentation medium and the bacterium and (c) isolating said L-amino acid from at least one of the fermentation medium and the bacterium.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the bacterium is a strain of Escherichia coli.
 3. The process of claim 1, wherein said recombinant nucleic acid comprises a promoter sequence that is non-native to the aceBAK operon or glcB gene operably linked upstream of the at least one gene.
 4. The process of claim 3, wherein said promoter is selected from the group consisting of a a tac promoter, a trc promoter, a lac promoter, a trp promoter, a lambda-P_(L) promoter, a lambda-P_(R) promoter, a lacUV5 promoter, an araBAD promoter, a lpp promoter, and a lpp-lac promoter.
 5. The process of claim 3, wherein the at least one gene is selected from the group consisting of aceB, aceA, and glcB.
 6. The process of claim 3, wherein said non-native promoter displaces a native promoter of at least one of said aceBAK operon and a glcB gene and wherein said native promoter is deleted or interrupted.
 7. The process of claim 3, wherein said non-native promoter is inserted without deletion of a native promoter of at least one of said aceBAK operon and glcB gene.
 8. The process of claim 1, wherein only said at least one gene is overexpressed in said bacterium.
 9. The process of claim 1, wherein said L-amino acid is selected from the group consisting of L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-homoserine, L-lysine and L-methionine.
 10. A bacterium comprising a recombinant nucleic acid operably configured to overepxress at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a gene in an aceBAK operon and a glcB gene in the bacterium.
 11. The bacterium of claim 10, wherein said bacterium is a strain of Escherichia coli.
 12. The bacterium of claim 10, wherein said recombinant nucleic acid comprises a promoter sequence that is non-native to the aceBAK operon or glcB gene operably linked upstream of the at least one gene.
 13. The bacterium of claim 12, wherein said non-native promoter is selected from the group consisting of a tac promoter, a trc promoter, a lac promoter, a trp promoter, a lambda-P_(L) promoter, a lambda-P_(R) promoter, a lacUV5 promoter, an araBAD promoter, a lpp promoter, and a lpp-lac promoter.
 14. The bacterium of claim 12, wherein a native promoter of said aceBAK operon is displaced by the non-native promoter.
 15. The bacterium of claim 12, wherein the non-native promoter is inserted in said aceBAK operon without replacing or interrupting a native promoter of said aceBAK operon.
 16. The bacterium of claim 13, wherein a native promoter of said glcB gene is displaced by said non-native promoter.
 17. The bacterium of claim 13, wherein the non-native promoter is operably linked to said glcB gene without displacing a native promoter operably associated with said glcB gene.
 18. A bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of those with the deposit numbers NRRLB-30843, NRRLB-30844, NRRLB-30845, NRRLB-30846, NRRLB-30847, NRRLB-30848, NRRLB-30849, NRRLB-30850, NRRLB-30851, and derivatives thereof.
 19. A recombinant nucleic acid comprising a non-native promoter operably configured to overexpress a gene that encodes at least one of an E. coli aceA protein, aceB protein, and glcB protein in a bacterium, and wherein said gene includes at least one of: a) DNA that encodes a protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, and SEQ ID NO: 8; b) a nucleic acid according to at least one of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, and SEQ ID NO: 25; c) a nucleic acid that is degenerate only with respect to the genetic code to the nucleic acid according to b), c) a nucleic acid that contains a silent mutation of the nucleic acid according to a) or b), d) a nucleic acid that is at least 80% identical to the nucleic acid of b), or e) a nucleic acid that hybridizes, under stringent conditions, with the DNA according to b).
 20. A vector comprising at least one nucleic acid of claim
 19. 